NADH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a chemical substance, which is the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced coenzyme I. N refers to nicotinamide, A refers to adenine, and D refers to a dinucleotide.

Because NADH is mainly involved in material and energy metabolism in cells, it is produced in the citric acid cycle in glycolysis and cellular respiration, and as the carrier and electron donor of biological hydrogen, it is transferred on the inner mitochondrial membrane through the process of oxidative phosphorylation. Energy supplies ATP synthesis, so NADH is also known as mitochondrial hormone. Theoretically, the energy released by 1 molecule of NADH can synthesize 3 molecules of ATP.

NADH plays an important role in maintaining cell growth, differentiation and energy metabolism as well as cell protection. NADH is produced in the citric acid cycle in glycolysis and cellular respiration. The NADH molecule is a control marker in the energy-producing chain in mitochondria. Monitoring the redox state of NADH is the best parameter to characterize mitochondrial function in vivo. UV light can excite NADH in mitochondria to produce fluorescence, which can be used to monitor mitochondrial function.

NADH and NAD+ are a redox pair in cells, NADH is the reduced form of Coenzyme 1 NAD, and NAD+ is its oxidized form. In redox reactions, NADH acts as a donor of hydrogen and electrons, and NAD+ acts as an acceptor of hydrogen and electrons, and participates in physiological processes such as respiration, photosynthesis, and alcohol metabolism. As coenzymes for many redox reactions in organisms, they participate in life activities and transform into each other.

Under anaerobic conditions, very little ATP is produced from glucose metabolism. Under aerobic conditions, NADH or FADH2 produced through glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle can generate a large amount of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. The amount of NADH is directly related to the amount of ATP production, and the more NADH each cell contains, the more energy is produced. The more energy-requiring an organ, the higher the amount of NADH it contains (or requires).

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